Епідеміологічні ризики, пов’язані з вірусом грипу птиці A(H5N1) (огляд літератури)
Ключові слова:
високопатогенний грип птиці A(H5N1), міжвидова передача, зоонозний потенціал, епідеміологія
Анотація
Поточна ситуація з вірусом високопатогенного пташиного грипу H5N1 (HPAI) викликає занепокоєння в усьому світі через численні спалахи серед диких птахів, свійської птиці та ссавців, а також зоонозні інфекції у людей. В статті проаналізовано наукові публікації щодо характеру циркулюючих штамів вірусу грипу птиці А(H5N1) за останні 15 років. Епідемія пташиного грипу А(H5N1) почалася в 2021 році і спричинила загибель понад 70 мільйонів голів домашньої птиці, загинуло також багато ссавців різних видів. У квітні 2022 року в США було зареєстровано перший випадок інфікування вірусом грипу A(H5N1) людини, що контактувала із хворою птицею, а у 2024 році цей вірус був виявлений у молочних корів в США і зареєстрований випадок зараження людини. Особливостями сучасних штамів високопатогенного вірусу грипу птахів А(H5N1) є його здатність викликати важкі захворювання, високий рівень смертності, здатність мутувати до більш вірулентних варіантів, постійна циркуляція серед домашньої птиці та диких птахів, а також постійні повідомлення про випадки захворювання людей. Вченими пропонуються сучасні швидкі високоточні методи діагностики грипу у різних видів тварин і людини, а також можливі варіанти поліпшення біологічного захисту диких і домашніх тварин. Вакцинація домашньої птиці може допомогти зупинити локалізовані спалахи, але швидка еволюція вірусу А(H5N1) та його постійна реінтродукція дикими птахами робить вакцинацію короткостроковим виправленням за відсутності універсальної вакцини. Для вирішення проблеми захисту людини необхідно дотримуватися концепції One Health, яка вимагає спільного та єдиного підходу до інтеграції здоров’я тварин, планети та людини. Через відсутність популяційного імунітету в людей і постійну еволюцію вірусів пташиного грипу існує постійний ризик того, що новий штам вірусу може з’явитися та швидко поширитися по всьому світу, спричинивши пандемію, якщо вірус отримає здатність ефективно передаватись серед людей.
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Посилання
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2025-05-29
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Harahulya, H. I., Severin, R. V., Momot, A. M., Rebenko, H. I., & Savenko, M. M. (2025). Епідеміологічні ризики, пов’язані з вірусом грипу птиці A(H5N1) (огляд літератури). Ветеринарія, технології тваринництва та природокористування, (11), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.31890/vttp.2025.11.06
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