Сучасні проблеми контрацепції дрібних тварин в Україні і світі

  • S. V. Naumenko Державний біотехнологічний університет, м. Харків, Україна https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7340-5186
  • V. I. Koshevoy Державний біотехнологічний університет, м. Харків, Україна https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-2762
  • V. Yu. Bublichenko Державний біотехнологічний університет, м. Харків, Україна
  • E. R. Teimurova Державний біотехнологічний університет, м. Харків, Україна
  • H. V. Flustykova Державний біотехнологічний університет, м. Харків, Україна
  • N. O. Chaus Державний біотехнологічний університет, м. Харків, Україна
  • O. S. Chuikova Державний біотехнологічний університет, м. Харків, Україна
  • S. O. Shakhova State Biotechnological University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Ключові слова: собаки, кішки, популяція, відтворення, контроль

Анотація

Анотація. Контрацепція дрібних тварин залишається ключовим інструментом управління популяцією безпритульних тварин, особливо в умовах воєнного стану в Україні, коли зростання кількості безпритульних собак та кішок посилює епізоотичні та соціальні ризики. В даній статті представлено результати аналізу сучасних підходів до контролю репродукції дрібних свійських тварин в Україні та світі, що дозволив сформувати комплексне уявлення про стан, проблеми та перспективи розвитку контрацептивних технологій, зосереджені вони у двох основних напрямках – хірургічній та нехірургічній контрацепції. Визначено, що хірургічна контрацепція пов’язана із суттєвими обмеженнями, зокрема ризиками анестезіологічних ускладнень, післяопераційних інфекцій, порушень ендокринного балансу, а також етичними дискусіями щодо масової стерилізації. Встановлено, що одним з найбільш значних ускладнень хірургічної стерилізації є синдром залишкової тканини яєчника, що виявляється рецидивами тічки, поведінковими змінами та ризиком розвитку гормонозалежних патологій. Встановлено, що поширеність даної патології недооцінена, а діагностика потребує поєднання клінічних, ультразвукових та гормональних методів. Ефективна терапія можлива тільки за повного видалення залишкової тканини. Показано, що гормональні засоби контрацепції, які застосовуються у ветеринарній медицині, мають різноманітні механізми дії, включаючи пригнічення овуляції, блокаду гіпоталамо-гіпофізарної регуляції та вплив на рецептори прогестерону. Однак їх використання пов’язане з ризиками – від метаболічних порушень та піометри до неоплазій, що обмежує тривале застосування та потребує суворого дотримання протоколів безпеки. Встановлено ключову роль гормональних контрацептивів у розвитку новоутворень молочної залози у сук та кішок, особливо при ранньому та тривалому застосуванні синтетичних прогестагенів, що підтверджує необхідність обережного використання гормональних препаратів та пошуку альтернативних методів контролю фертильності. Доведено, що імуноконтрацепція є перспективним інструментом контролю популяції безпритульних тварин, особливо в умовах обмежених ресурсів і неможливості масової хірургічної стерилізації. Вакцини, спрямовані проти гонадотропін-рилізинг гормону або рецепторів статевих гормонів, демонструють ефективність зниження фертильності, проте вимагають подальшої адаптації для поширення в Україні, а також оцінки тривалості дії та розробки схем застосування. Обґрунтовано перспективи розвитку нехірургічної контрацепції щодо впровадження інноваційних технологій, включаючи наноматеріали, таргетні системи доставки гормонів або імунобіологічних агентів, а також біосумісні імпланти пролонгованої дії, зокрема використання нанотехнологій відкриває можливості для підвищення ефективності, зниження токсичності та створення персоналізованих схем репродуктивного контролю.

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2026-05-12